– Akbulut M., Tosun H., Soysal M.E. et al.: Endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium with choriocarcinomatous differentiation: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008; 278: 79–84
– Alifrangis C., Agarwal R., Short D. et al.: EMA/CO for high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: good outcomes with induction low-dose etoposide-cisplatin and genetic analysis. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31: 280–286
– Baergen R.N., Rutgers J.L., Young R.H. et al.: Placental site trophoblastic tumor: a study of 55 cases and review of the literature emphasizing factors of prognostic significance. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 100: 511–520
– Berkowitz R.S., Goldstein D.P.: Clinical practice. Molar pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1639–1645
– Bolze P.A. et al.: PD-L1 Expression in Premalignant and Malignant Trophoblasts From Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases Is Ubiquitous and Independent of Clinical Outcomes. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2017; 27: 554
– Braga A., Uberti E.M., Fajardo Mdo C. et al.: Epidemiological report on the treatment of patients with gestational trophoblastic disease in 10 Brazilian referral centers: results after 12 years since International FIGO 2000 Consensus. J Reprod Med 2014; 59: 241–247
– Carta G., Accurti V., Di Nicola M. et al.: Uterine endometrioid carcinoma with focal area of choriocarcinomatous differentiation: case report. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2014; 35: 731–733
– Chang Y.L., Chang T.C., Hsueh S. et al.: Prognostic factors and treatment for placental site trophoblastic tumor-report of 3 cases and analysis of 88 cases. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 73: 216–222
– Cole L.A. et al.: Total hCG tests. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412: 2216–2222
– Cole L.A., Sutton J.M., Higgins T.N. et al.: Between-method variation in human chorionic gonadotropin test results. Clin Chem 2004; 50:
874– 882
– Cole LA, Laidler LL, Muller CY. USA hCG reference service, 10-year report. Clin Biochem 2010; 43: 1013–1022
– Davis M.R., Howitt B.E., Quade B.J. et al.: Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: a single institution case series at the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 137: 456–461
– Doll K.M., Soper J.T.: The role of surgery in the management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2013; 68: 533–542
– Dotto J., Hui P.: Lack of genetic association between exaggerated placental site reaction and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27: 562–567
– El-Helw L.M., Coleman R.E., Everard J.E. et al.: Impact of the revised FIGO/WHO system on the management of patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113: 306–311
– Feltmate C.M., Genest D.R., Wise L. et al.: Placental site trophoblastic tumor: a 17-year experience at the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center. Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 415–419
– Flam F., Lundström V., Pettersson F.: Medical induction prior to surgical evacuation of hydatidiform mole: is there a greater risk of persistent trophoblastic disease? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1991; 42: 57–60
– Froeling F.E.M., Ramaswami R., Papanastasopoulos P., Kaur B., Sebire N.J., Short D., Fisher R.A., Sarwar N., Wells M., Singh K., Ellis L., Horsman J.M., Winter M.C., Tidy J., Hancock B.W., Seckl M.J.: Intensified therapies improve survival and identification of novel prognostic factors for placental-site and epithelioid trophoblastic tumours. Br J Cancer 2019; 120 (6): 587–594
– Garrett L.A., Garner E.I., Feltmate C.M. et al.: Subsequent pregnancy outcomes in patients with molar pregnancy and persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. J Reprod Med 2008; 53: 481–486
– Ghorani E., Kaur B., Fisher R.A., Short D., Joneborg U., Carlson J.W., Akarca A., Marafioti T., Quezada S.A., Sarwar N., Seckl M.J.: Pembrolizumab is effective for drug-resistant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Lancet 2017; 390 (10110): 2343–2345
– Harvey R.A., Mitchell H.D., Stenman U.H. et al.: Differences in total human chorionic gonadotropin immunoassay analytical specificity and ability to measure human chorionic gonadotropin in gestational trophoblastic disease and germ cell tumors. J Reprod Med 2010; 55: 285–295
– Hoffner L., Surti U.: The genetics of gestational trophoblastic disease: a rare complication of pregnancy. Cancer Genet 2012; 205: 63–77
– Horn L.C., Bilek K., Pretzsch G. et al.: Choriocarcinoma in extrauterine tubal pregnancy. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 1994; 54: 375–377
– Horn L.C., Hänel C., Bartholdt E. et al.: Serous carcinoma of the endometrium with choriocarcinomatous differentiation: a case report and review of the literature indicate the existence of 2 prognostically relevant tumor types. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 247–251
– Horn L.C., Vogel M.: Gestational trophoblastic disease.: Non-villous forms of gestational trophoblastic disease. Pathologe 2004; 25:
281–291
– Horowitz N.S., Goldstein D.P., Berkowitz R.S.: Placental site trophoblastic tumors and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors: Biology, natural history, and treatment modalities. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 144: 208
– Kaur B., Short D., Fisher R.A. et al.: Atypical placental site nodule (APSN) and association with malignant gestational trophoblastic disease; a clinicopathologic study of 21 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2015; 34: 152–158
– Kohorn E.I.: Worldwide survey of the results of treating gestational trophoblastic disease. J Reprod Med 2014; 59: 145–153
– Lawrie T.A., Alazzam M., Tidy J., Hancock B.W., Osborne R.: First-line chemotherapy in low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016 (6): CD007102
– Lybol C., Sweep F.C., Harvey R. et al.: Relapse rates after two versus three consolidation courses of methotrexate in the treatment of low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125: 576–579
– Lybol C. et al.: Increase in the incidence of gestational trophoblastic disease in The Netherlands. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 334–338
– Maestá I. et al.: Relationship between race and clinical characteristics, extent of disease, and response to chemotherapy in patients with low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 138: 50–54
– Mangili G., Lorusso D., Brown J. et al.: Trophoblastic disease review for diagnosis and management: a joint report from the International Society for the Study of Trophoblastic Disease, European Organisation for the Treatment of Trophoblastic Disease, and the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24 (9 Suppl. 3): S109–S116
– Massenkeil G., Crombach G., Dominik S. et al.: Metastatic choriocarcinoma in a postmenopausal woman. Gynecol Oncol 1996; 61: 432–437
– Menczer J., Livoff A., Malinger G. et al.: Exaggerated placental site erroneously diagnosed as non-metastatic trophoblastic disease. A case report. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1999; 20: 115–116
– Ngan H.Y., Bender H., Benedet J.L. et al.; FIGO Committee on Gynecologic Oncology: Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, FIGO 2000 staging and classification. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003; 83 (Suppl. 1): 175–177
– Nguyen C.P. et al.: Coexistent choriocarcinoma and malignant mixed mesodermal tumor of the uterus. Gynecol Oncol 2000; 79: 499–503
– Nigam S., Dass R.: Exaggerated placental site reaction mimicking choriocarcinoma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 587–588
– Papadopoulos A.J. et al.: Twenty-five years’ clinical experience with placental site trophoblastic tumors. J Reprod Med 2002; 47: 460–464
– Piura E., Piura B.: Brain metastases from gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: review of pertinent literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2014; 35: 359–367
– Rathod P.S., Kundargi R., Pallavi V.R. et al.: Refractory Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia: A Novel Drug Combination With Paclitaxel and Carboplatin Produces Durable Complete Remission. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 25: 1737
– Savage P., Cooke R., O’Nions J. et al.: Effects of single-agent and combination chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumors on risks of second malignancy and early menopause. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33: 472–478
– Schmid P., Nagai Y., Agarwal R. et al.: Prognostic markers and long-term outcome of placental-site trophoblastic tumours: a retrospective observational study. Lancet 2009; 374: 48–55
– Sebire N.J., Seckl M.J.: Immunohistochemical staining for diagnosis and prognostic assessment of hydatidiform moles: current evidence and future directions. J Reprod Med 2010; 55: 236–246
– Seckl M.J., Sebire N.J., Fisher R.A. et al.; ESMO Guidelines Working Group: Gestational trophoblastic disease: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2013; 24 (Suppl. 6): vi39–vi50
– Shih I.M., Kurman R.J.: Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: a neoplasm distinct from choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor simulating carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22: 1393–1403
– Shih I.M., Kurman R.J.: The pathology of intermediate trophoblastic tumors and tumor-like lesions. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2001; 20: 31–47
– Shih I.M. et al.: Placental site nodule and characterization of distinctive types of intermediate trophoblast. Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 687–694
– Soper J.T.: Role of surgery and radiation therapy in the management of gestational trophoblastic disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2003; 17: 943–957
– Stenman U.H. et al.: The classification, functions and clinical use of different isoforms of HCG. Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12: 769–784
– Sun S.Y., Melamed A., Goldstein D.P. et al.: Changing presentation of complete hydatidiform mole at the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center over the past three decades: does early diagnosis alter risk for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia? Gynecol Oncol 2015; 138: 46–49
– Sutton J.M.: Charge variants in serum and urine hCG. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 341: 199–203
– Taylor F., Short D., Winter M.C. et al.: A retrospective study to evaluate single agent methotrexate treatment in low risk gestational choriocarcinoma in the United Kingdom. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 136: 258–263
– Tempfer C., Horn L.C., Ackermann S., Beckmann M.W., Dittrich R., Einenkel J., Günthert A., Haase H., Kratzsch J., Kreissl M.C., Polterauer S., Ebert A.D., Schneider K.T., Strauss H.G., Thiel F.: Gestational and Non-gestational Trophoblastic Disease. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k Level, AWMF Registry No. 032/049, December 2015). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2016; 76 (2): 134–144
– Tham B.W. et al.: Gestational trophoblastic disease in the Asian population of Northern England and North Wales. BJOG 2003; 110: 555–559
– Tidy J.A., Gillespie A.M., Bright N. et al.: Gestational trophoblastic disease: a study of mode of evacuation and subsequent need for treatment with chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 2000; 78: 309–312
– Tsai H.W., Lin C.P., Chou C.Y. et al.: Placental site nodule transformed into a malignant epithelioid trophoblastic tumour with pelvic lymph node and lung metastasis. Histopathology 2008; 53: 601–604
– Vargas R., Barroilhet L.M., Esselen K. et al.: Subsequent pregnancy outcomes after complete and partial molar pregnancy, recurrent molar pregnancy, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: an update from the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center. J Reprod Med 2014; 59: 188–194
– Vassilakos P., Riotton G., Kajii T.: Hydatidiform mole: two entities. A morphologic and cytogenetic study with some clinical consideration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 127: 167–170
– Vogel M., Horn L.C.: [Gestational trophoblastic disease, Villous gestational trophoblastic disease]. Pathologe 2004; 25: 269–279
– Whittington J., Fantz C.R., Gronowski A.M. et al.: The analytical specificity of human chorionic gonadotropin assays determined using WHO International Reference Reagents. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411: 81–85
– Yarandi F. et al.: Five-Day Intravascular Methotrexate Versus Biweekly Actinomycin-D in the Treatment of Low-Risk Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia: A Clinical Randomized Trial. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016; 26: 971
– Zhang X. et al.: Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: an outcomebased literature review of 78 reported cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 1334–1338
– Zhao J., Lv W.G., Feng F.Z. et al.: Placental site trophoblastic tumor: A review of 108 cases and their implications for prognosis and treatment. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 142: 102
